Mahanubhava literature generally comprises works that describe the incarnations of gods, the history of the sect, commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita, poetical works narrating the stories of the life of Krishna and grammatical and etymological works that are deemed useful to explain the philosophy of sect. The Mahanubhava sect made Marathi a vehicle for the propagation of religion and culture. Mahimbhatta's second important literary work is the Shri Govindaprabhucharitra or Rudhipurcharitra, a biography of Shri Chakradhar Swami's guru, Shri Govind Prabhu. The Līḷācarītra is thought to be the first biography written in the Marathi language. Notable examples of Marathi prose are " Līḷācarītra" ( लीळाचरित्र), events and anecdotes from the miracle-filled the life of Chakradhar Swami of the Mahanubhava sect compiled by his close disciple, Mahimbhatta, in 1238. Mukundaraja's other work, Paramamrta, is considered the first systematic attempt to explain the Vedanta in the Marathi language Mukundaraja bases his exposition of the basic tenets of the Hindu philosophy and the yoga marga on the utterances or teachings of Shankaracharya. The oldest book in prose form in Marathi, Vivēkasindhu ( विवेकसिंधु), was written by Mukundaraja, a Nath yogi and arch-poet of Marathi. Nalopakhyan, Rukmini swayamvar and Shripati's Jyotisharatnamala (1039) are a few examples. During the reign of the last three Seuna kings, a great deal of literature in verse and prose, on astrology, medicine, Puranas, Vedanta, kings and courtiers were created. Marathi was used in court life by the time of the Seuna kings. įurther growth and usage of the language was because of two religious sects – the Mahanubhava and Varkari panthans – who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi became the dominant language of epigraphy during the last half century of the dynasty's rule (14th century), and may have been a result of the Yadava attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects and to distinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking Hoysalas. Yadava periodĪfter 1187 CE, the use of Marathi grew substantially in the inscriptions of the Seuna (Yadava) kings, who earlier used Kannada and Sanskrit in their inscriptions. However, there is no record of any literature produced in Marathi until the late 13th century. These inscriptions suggest that Marathi was a standard written language by the 12th century. A 2-line 1118 CE Marathi inscription at Shravanabelagola records a grant by the Hoysalas. 1012 CE stone inscription from Akshi taluka of Raigad district, and a 1060 or 1086 CE copper-plate inscription from Dive that records a land grant ( agrahara) to a Brahmin. The earliest Marathi-only inscriptions are the ones issued during the Shilahara rule, including a c. Several inscriptions dated to the second half of the 11th century feature Marathi, which is usually appended to Sanskrit or Kannada in these inscriptions. Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri, is probably first attested in a 739 CE copper-plate inscription found in Satara. A committee appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get the Classical status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 2300 years ago alongside Sanskrit as a sister language. The earliest example of Maharashtri as a separate language dates to approximately 3rd century BCE: a stone inscription found in a cave at Naneghat, Junnar in Pune district had been written in Maharashtri using Brahmi script. Marathi inscription at the foot of Bahubali statue at Jain temple in Shravanabelagola is the earliest known Marathi inscription found. In its phonology, it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ( and (Marathi letters ल and ळ respectively). Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we' and possesses a three-way gender system, that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine. The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages, dating from around 600 AD. Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi and Bengali. Marathi ranks 10th in the list of languages with most native speakers in the world. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India, with 83 million speakers as of 2011. It is the official language of Maharashtra, and a co-official language in Goa and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Marathi ( English: / m ə ˈ r ɑː t i/ मराठी, Marāṭhī, Marathi: ( listen)) is an Indo-Aryan language predominantly spoken by Marathi people in the Indian state of Maharashtra.
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